ifugao culture slideshare
Manila: Editorial Associates Ltd. Goda, Toh. Census of Population and Housing. Philippine Statistics Authority. There are trained chanters for rituals and other social gatherings, and the people feel free to critique the chanting. The Ifugao produce baskets for household needs as well as other purposes. 2011. The knowledge of pedigrees is of paramount importance to the Ifugao. Since rice production is dependent on rainwater, an irrigation system has been developed, requiring the building of pipelines, conveyors, and sluices. 1957. Researchers and nonmilitary personnel, like Dean Worcester of the Philippine Commission of 1900, went to the mountains to study the indigenous tribes in the Philippines. Tuwali is the native language of inhabitants of Ifugao which is known for its manually . Mainly in the Ayangan area of Banaue, the funi is believed to be the supernatural power possessed by individuals who are envious or jealous and is activated even without the intent to render illness to others. 2001. The Ifugaos artistry is also reflected in what they wear. Highlandand Lowland Blankets have several pieces: The adolna (body of the blanket) is composed of the middle pieces and the balingbing is composed of the side pieces. A cloth pouch, very similar to that of the mens, serves like a pocket, either tucked in the tapis or held by the hand. Revenge is a firm Ifugao tradition. Abundance of ecosystem services which have been developed for centuries in this system serves for the whole impoverished . Negotiations between the government and the CPLA led to the formation of the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) in July 1987. The term Ifugao is composed of the prefix i meaning people of and pugaw meaning the cosmic earth. It could also have been derived from the term ipugo, which means from the hill. Ifugao mythology, however, says that ipugo is a type of rice grain given to the people by Matungulan, the god of grains. The Religion of the Ifugaos. On the Cordillera. The liwliwa, used to express love, protest, and other personal emotions, is sung in debate form by groups of men and women and their leaders. A blanket may also be worn around a mans head like a turban. The indinwa, which is less commonly woven, is shorter than the intinlu but longer than the working skirt. Cordillera Anthropomorphic Carvings: Form and Function. The Journal of History 1 (January-December): 175-187. These hipag are ritually smeared with the blood of a sacrificial animal and are stored in baskets with other granary figures. The Ifugao people inhabit the most rugged and mountainous part of the country, high up in the central Cordillera in northern Luzon. Reasons for holding them are abundance in life; a miraculous increase in rice, pigs and chickens; and quick growth of children (Barton 1946, 126), all perceived as divine gifts. Deities are Matungulan, gods and goddesses of plenty or the god of all worlds; Dimapon, god of fortune: Manahaot, god of sorcery and deception; Bagob, god of harvest; Bulul, god of the idols; Montalong, god of humans; Bibiyo, fairy gods; and Mabaki, gods and goddesses of war. Teaching in an Ifugao Community. Philippine Education 10 (2): 32-33. T he Ifugao province is known for its unique and striking culture and tradition aside from being considered a historical spot as the "Tiger of Malaya" marked with the Yamashita Shrine in Kiangan. Several decorative designs are stitched in the dayude, such as the zigzag, frog, man, shuttle, basket, and knot. The Ifugaos have long depended on wet rice farming and have developed a profound rice farming tradition. A fire is kept going in one of the corners of the house. 2014. They also used coconut fonds leaves as roofs and walls for their huts. Rice bundles are dried under the sun and stored in granaries watched over by carved bulol (rice gods). Early Ifugao culture had a ranked social organization based on kinship. There are five occasions for the holding of prestige feasts: the uyuawe or baiyah, in which chickens bile sacs are examined for omens; the balog, in which the host indicates his rank with a wooden stick to which is attached hanging leaves and knives; the kolat or lotob, which marks the male heirs first haircut; the hagabi, when the hagabi bench is made or taken into the owners house; and the kamalig, when a wooden floor, instead of the cheaper runo mat, is laid underneath the house on which the priest could hold rituals. American presence in the Ifugao province initiated gradual adaptation to new realities. Food and ceremonial offerings to the gods are placed inside and the animals blood poured over these boxes. But air circulates freely through two doors, one in front and the other at the back. This headdress consists of the skull of a scarlet hornbill supported by rattan, which is covered by a ceremonial sash. The Ifugao Rice Terraces epitomize the absolute blending of the physical, socio-cultural, economic, religious, and political environment. Hunting begins with Ifugao rules being strictly followed by the hunters. If the dead were rich, there is gong playing and dancing. The system ensures conservation of the forest for fuel, housing, and irrigation for the terraces. Chastity is of prime importance. In some barangays in Banaue, the Ifugao believe that there are five causes of illnesses: when the anito (spirit) snatches the soul from ones body; when spirits of those who were beheaded or killed violently snatch the soul of a living person; when a supernatural power called funi or buni causes the sickness; when illness is caused by a dead relative; or when a mombaki performs black magic to cause the sickness. This study will help her explain and illustrate in a more realistic approach the way Ifugao Then in 1741, the towns of Bayombong and Bagabag were established in Nueva Vizcaya as a base for Spanish operations. 82 Bul-ul Bring Local Beliefs to Exhibit. Inquirer.net, 27 September. Keesing, Felix M. 1962. Pangulchihon and Angudyawon are the descendants of Bugan, daughter of Amtalaw. , UNESCOs List of World Heritage in Danger, Apocalypse Yesterday Already! Divorce is permitted if the couple remains childless or if the wife is proven unfaithful. With a little luck, the 500-year-old Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras may just make it to their 2,000th year. The Ifugao are also known for their narrative literature such as the Hudhud. The film, which stars Nora Aunor and Christopher de Leon, competed in the 1975 Bacolod Film Festival and was the festivals top earner. Dulawan, Lourdes S. 1967. Thin projections of brass or horn also extend from the sides, resembling the horns of a water buffalo. 2012. Four posts support the main building, which consists of one room that is framed by a wall and topped by a roof. The conflict of tradition and modernization has become a prominent topic in most of the films about the Ifugao. The good deeds of the dead are extolled in elaborate ceremonies. IFUGAO, Philippines Aided by a pair of glasses and a traditional short, curved dagger, 69-year-old farmer Rosita Gano harvests rice grains, one stalk after another, using only one hand, a . Its dayude and iwitan have designs similar to those of the balingbing of a bayaong (blanket). Bamboo is another material for Ifugao baskets. The Philippine Commission headed by Dean Worcester created Mountain Province, composed of seven sub-provinces, namely, Benguet, Amburayan, Bontoc, Ifugao, Lepanto, Apayao, and Kalinga. Thoughts? Click here to review the details. Then, myth recitation related to the rite is performed. Baguio City: The Catholic School Press. Then a man, chanting, without looking at the pig, and without stopping his speech, suddenly thrusts his spear into the pigs heart, withdrawing the spear so quickly that the blade remains free of the pigs blood (Wilcox 1912, 112). 2004. She tells him of her predicament and is inconsolable. The father has the final say in family activities such as work in the fields, childrens care and training, and feasts. Kadangyan males wear the kango or yang ngoh during weddings and funerals. Carrying baskets have been so designed as to leave a persons hands free to carry other loads. Manila: Bureau of Printing. Ifugao culture (like Cordillera and non-Christian cultures more generally) has contributed key icons to the national identity of the predominantly Christian and Hispanized Philippines: in 1995 the rice terraces of the Cordillera (the most renowned of which are those built by the Ifugao at Banaue) were declared UNESCO World Heritage sites and in http://car.neda.gov.ph/. The abong are temporary dwellings with pyramidal roofs. The mens effects, such as a betelnut container, kottiwong (small knife), spoon, and amulets are carried in a butong (hip bag), which is a triangular cloth pouch. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. Character description [ edit] The main characters in "The God Stealer" are Philip Latak and Sam Cristie. Certain omens at the wedding, such as the bride slipping or dropping something, can void a marriage. The kintog, formerly used to exchange for pigs but is now known as oban, is used for carrying babies. The pacification did pave the way for foreign missionaries to enter the Ifugao heartland. During that time, the Philippines was becoming the center of filmmaking in Asia, and showcasing ethnic groups was a festival trend. 1980. Quezon City: GCF Books. ARTS OF . For every type of crime, there is a corresponding punishment. A quenching rite, performed by throwing boiling water from the cauldron into the coals, is done and an invocation is again performed. the Ifugao to begin to migrate to the lowlands and abroad in search of paid work. It consists of 11 municipalitiesBanaue, Hungduan, Kiangan, Lagawe, Lamut, Mayoyao (Mayaoyao), Alfonso Lista (Potia), Aguinaldo, Hingyon, Tinoc, and Asipulowith Lagawe as the provincial capital. The Private Apocalypse of Francis Coppola. Life Magazine (June): 111-120. The Saint Josephs School was founded by CICM missionary Father Jerome Moerman at Kiangan in 1934. The Ifugao Archaeological Project (IAP), a community-led and collaborative research program of the Save the Ifugao Terraces Movement, University of the Philippines-Archaeological Studies. They carry a half-dead chicken with their left hand and offer these to the gods. Once the fields have been planted and there is sufficient firewood stored, the father can enjoy himself attending feasts, drinking, and gambling, or he may choose to help with the household chores. Since animals cannot be used because of the steep terraces, men upturn the soil with wooden spades after soaking the paddy. Radyo Natin DZVK-FM 101.7, based in Banaue, is run by the Manila Broadcasting Company. It is danced to the rhythmic beat of wood against wood, also called the bangibang. The province is known for its rice terraces that are found in nine upland municipalities. Nearby are displayed the jawbones of sacrificial animals. The men wear copper wire leglets coiled around 20 to 40 times beginning from just above the calf and gradually widening downward to follow the contour of the calf. Social classes exist in Ifugao society, and these are based on wealth, indicated by the possession of heirloom objects such as antique porcelain; sacrificial animals like carabaos, pigs, and chickens; other household items of value; and a considerable amount of money. The White Apos: American Governors in the Cordillera Central. Carabaos butchered in prestigious feasts are bought from the lowlands. It consists of small patches of forest usually tended by adult males in each family. They beat the gongs with their hands, the right hand giving the downward stroke, the left hand serving to dampen the sound. If the bile shows a bad omen, the ceremony is repeated until a favorable signal is finally made. This long bench made of hardwood is constructed with ritualized feasting called hagabi performed during the tialgo or the lean period of the year, April and May, that is, when rice is scarce. Ngilin takes her to Ambummabbakal, who, hearing her story, is merely amused. The Ifugao have various types of musical instruments and songs for different occasions, particularly during village rituals and social gatherings. The Ifugao Rice Terraces are the priceless contribution of Philippine ancestors to humanity. Other governors and government officials intermarried with Ifugao women during their stay. Baki or rituals express the Ifugaos religious beliefs and are led by the mombaki. The Henanga Ifugao carve their mortars from stone. Dances are also performed as part of rituals. . The Philippine Journal of Science 4 (4): 237-255. The Ifugao willingly shared with Aguinaldo and his troops their camote, which was abundant in the region, but the troops demanded chicken and rice, which were not as readily available. The second Organic Act enacted by Congress was also rejected in the March 1998 plebiscite. During wedding feasts, the iteneg is performed to announce to the whole village the union of the man and woman. Antalaw represents the father of Bugan and also the living father of either husband or wife for whom the rites are being held. The poorer Ifugao use bamboo for their walls. Head-hunters of Northern Luzon. National Geographic Magazine 23 (September): 833-930. It is inspected for its color and its position relative to the animals intestines and liver. The sacrifice of animals, usually chickens, is done after the deity has left. 1986. The interior of an Ifugao house is more round than cube-shaped and is windowless. The rite is performed by women who utter incantations to deities and engage in dialogue with the possessing spirit. The loose end in front is called the dayude and the one at the back is called the iwitan (tail). Red, red-and-yellow, or dark blue tassels may be attached to these ends. In 1995, because of its rice terrace clusters, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) declared Banaue, Hungduan, Kiangan, and Mayoyao as World Heritage Sites. In the story, the hero Aliguyon arrives at the bank of the Lobong ad Lagud (Lake of the Downstream Region) to which the water of all rivers flow. The huts are made of timber cut and polished by hand. He calls the crocodiles inhabiting the lake, and they emerge and follow his command, forming a line that stretches toward the mysterious island, which is the heros destination. By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. The individual gongs are called tobob, hibat, or ahhot. Ifugao Extras and the Making of Apocalypse Now. Our Own Voice, March. They are represented as small, human figures with spirit dogs carved from a fern tree or soapstone, and are placed in small grass-roofed shrines. Tap here to review the details. In Benjie Garcias Batad: Sa Paang Palay, 2006, an out-of-school Ifugao boy works as a tour guide to help his family and buy his dream rubber shoes. Women wear tattoos, with designs similar to those of the men, on the whole length of their arms. They serve as old peoples homes, as dwellings of poor people, or as the childrens dormitories. Form and Splendor: Personal Adornment of Northern Luzon Ethnic Groups, Philippines. ( They stayed in dormitories called agamang under the care of an old man, a widow, or an elderly unmarried woman. The gamong is for the dead and has several designs: mortar, men, python, lizard, snake, ladder, and shuttle. Daguio, Amador T. 1952. Indeed, it is a living cultural landscape of unparalleled beauty. The larger bag is the pinuhha, which is made of white thread; the smaller bag is the ambayong of double block thread. A woman may wind a string of beads several times around her hair bun or around her neck. Kinship is of primary importance in traditional Ifugao life. Philippine Folk Dances and Songs. The rite against sickness is called agba, which determines which deity is causing a persons sickness. Ifugao Ifugao is home to a thriving ancient culture and host to the famous rice terraces. While kneeling in front of the dancers, the gong players hold the gangsa on top of their thighs with the convex side held up. As soon as the pigs bile shows signs favorable to the couple being married, the native rice wine tapoy is passed around and the imbajah dance begins. Cimatu, Frank. . The more important rites involve stages in the Ifugao life cycle: rice planting, rice harvesting, sickness, weaving, hunting, acquisition of prestige, marriage, and death and burial. The death penalty was rarely imposed, even for crimes as grave as murder. Heads were proudly displayed in the Ifugao home as a sign of prestige and gallantry. Ifugao Villages and Houses. Catholic Anthropological Conference 1 (April): 117-141. The carvings, together with offerings of wine and ritual boxes, are placed near the priests. The Ifugao People of the Philippines: History, Culture, Customs and Tradition [Cordillera Indigenous People | Ethnic Group], Banaue Rice Terraces, circa 1990 (CCP Collections), Ifugao men with rifles (National Geographic, 1913, Mario Feir Filipiniana Library), In 1966, Ifugao became a province through, Rice pounding in Mayoyao, Ifugao, circa 1980 (SIL International), The rice terraces have created a tourist industry that has resulted in improvements in the infrastructure such as roads, electric grids, and buildings. Hudhud hi Aliguyon: A Translation of an Ifugao Harvest Song. MA thesis, Stanford University. When our forefathers set foot on our country, they made use of the available materials for their needs. Bulol height usually ranges from 30-60 centimeters . Ifugao, group of wet-rice agriculturalists occupying the mountainous area of northern Luzon, Philippines. Animals, particularly cows, carabaos, and pigs, must be slaughtered daily to feed those who come to the wake. 2014. The hudhud is chanted while the Ifugao work in the field or attend funeral wakes. Lorrin, Rosario. Similar schools at Banaue, Lamut, Lagawe, and Mayoyao were built soon after. We've updated our privacy policy. The Mayawyaw Ritual. The culture of the Ifugao - centered around the rice terraces and the traditions therein - may have finally met its match unless growing tourist interest finds a way to bring it back to its prime. The house posts are trunks of the amugawan tree. The mamonghal (leader priest) assigns the different deities to the priests present. Talungtung (narrow band with fringes) runs along the edges of the width of the blanket. In Kiangan and Banaue, the Ifugao were exposed to formal American education, although only children of the prominent Ifugao could avail of it. Another ornament may be a small shell attached to the middle stripe at the front end of the G-string (Vanoverbergh 1929, 201). This article is from the CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art Digital Edition. The rainbow, they say, is the G-string of Attibungallon ya wanoh Puwok, the typhoon deity. 1911. The wife is allowed to accompany the husband in feasts and ceremonies. One of these doors is provided with a removable ladder. Quezon City: Ben-Lor Publishing. Maramba, Roberto. The rice fields may also be planted with legumes or vegetables after the harvest, so even the embankments are useful. The major Ifugao languages are Tuwali in Kiangan and Lagawe; Ayangan or Adyangan in Banaue; Henanga in Mayoyao and Aguinaldo; Hingyon; and Hungduan. Ifugao Culture and History. Sound is produced by striking or banging the instrument. Jenista, Frank. It is dark blue with narrow, plain, red stripes and broad white bands. Invocations to the gods and the telling of myths accompany most of these steps. 1974. The Hudhud hi Aliguyon (Hudhud of Aliguyon) is about the battle lasting several years between Aliguyon from the village of Hannanga and Pumbakhayon from the village of Daligdigan. Chanting or singing can be done either by one individual, such as when putting a child to sleep, or, more often, by a group, which may have a lead chanter or singer. An ethnographic exhibit, Bulwagang Fernando Amorsolo, Cultural Center of the Philippines, 4 February-4 March. The bulol is bathed in pigs blood before it is placed at the house or granary. The hibat produces resonant tones, and the ahhot produces the damped sounds. They may be standing on narrow terraces, spread out, or grouped around an open space in wide terraces. They use bird traps and nets for catching bats. Sayaw: A Video Documentary on Philippine Dance. The colors of the tapis can range from all white to a very dark blue with hape (white stripes). A ritual may consist of the following steps: the gonod or invocation to the deities or ancestors by name; the dayum or prayer to the deities; the aiyag, in which the mombaki invites the ancestors to come and possess him; the hikkop, in which an ancestor or deity possesses the mombaki; and the tobal, in which the mombaki exhorts the possessing deity or ancestor by expressing the purpose of the feast and the will of the people. Justice may be considered by the victims relative. On the third day, a ceremonial war dance is performed. A victims relatives will consider justice done if their loss matches that of the offenders kin. Men and women, young and old alike, sing. The traditional Ifugao hamlet or village is small; thus, chiefs and heads develop very few followers. The corpse is placed in a sitting position in front of the house. Surfaces are often decorated with repetitive concave waves. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. These consist of betel nut, chicken claw, feathers, rice wine, pigs, dogs, and chickens. Primed and Purposeful:Armed Groups and Human Security Effortsin the Philippines. The other gongs are played with sticks that strike the inner surface of the gong. Probably the most iconic images of the Ifugao culture are the ones of the Banaue Rice Terraces and those of their bu'luls, totemic male and female figures carved in wood, usually less than a meter tall, and used in rituals and as guardian figures. 1974. During World War II, schools were operated by Japanese teachers and Nihonggo was taught. The Half-way Sun: Life among the Headhunters of the Philippines. There are two types of Ifugao houses: the abong and the bale. Republic of the Philippines Division of Adult and Community Education. Headhunting, for example, was a ritualized means of attaining vengeance and glory. The agba comes in two forms: the spanning of the stick, where the name of the right deity or class of deity is mentioned, during which the stick is believed to grow longer, and the buyun or the balancing of the egg, bean, or any oval-shaped object on a knife blade. The Americans had their own food supplies and paid the Ifugao well for the goods they bought from them. This radio station based in Lagawe is part of the NCCs program to provide long-term and cost-efficient ways to address the problem of hunger and malnutrition (NNC 2014). The wife closely assists the husband, and she takes his place as head of the family when he dies. Philippine Basketry: An Appreciation. Ifugao culture values kinship, family ties, and religious and cultural beliefs. All baskets have a natural resilience due to the nature of rattan. Large spoons and animal-shaped containers are also carved for local use and as souvenir items. The Kiangan Ifugao weave six types of G-strings. These deities are known only to the mombaki, whose training and preparation for this position take a number of years. Houses may be in clusters, as in Banaue, or scattered in irregular rows, such as those in the Mayoyao area. One song which is about the introduction of land transportation in 1930 narrates what happens to a husband and wife who traveled by automobile. As a result, the Ifugao people had a fairly positive perception of the Americans. One officer, Lieutenant Jeff Gallman, was considered by the Ifugao as their greatest apo because of his bravery and gallantry. http://www.nscb.gov.ph/ activestats/psgc/province.asp?provcode=142700000. Additionally, more opportunities for wage labor in nearby provinces, such as in the logging areas of Isabela and of Maddela, Quirino, and in the citrus orchards of Didipio, Nueva Vizcaya, besides those in urban centers like Baguio City and Manila, and overseas like Hong Kong, Singapore, and Dubai have led to an increase in Ifugao outmigration. Speeches are made in between these dances, with the resounding whoooo-o-eee serving to silence those present so that the speech may be delivered (Wilcox 1912, 109-112). The posts support the one-room house, which in turn supports the roof. Pumbakhayon returns to his village with Aginaya to celebrate their own marriage. Its two ends hang loose in front and at the back, and reach down to the knees. A historical novel about an Ifugao hero named Kalatong is The Half Way Sun: A Tale of the Philippine Islands by Australian T. Inglis Moore, an English and creative writing teacher at the University of the Philippines from 1928 to 1931. 1929. Ritual songs are sung during religious occasions. The dance is repeated, and an old man runs out to remove the spears. Murder victims are allowed a three-day vigil with only the relatives present. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. It is at this point that the researcher, a social science teacher, was motivated to conduct a similar study about the Ifugaos' culture and find out its educational implication. The Ethnohistory of Northern Luzon. Baguio City: Baguio Printing and Publishing Co. Tolentino, Delfin. The recitation of these tales begins with an invocation to the ancestors who were also priests and who are always called upon during the rituals. Rat guards 25 x 25 square centimeters thick and 1.5 to 2 meters in length also serve as large pegs or tenons to secure the beams which support the walls. The illegitimate children born out of wedlock are taken care of by their fathers but lack the right to receive inheritance. A platform supported by the beams or rafters underneath the roof is where palay (unhusked rice) is stored. . The groom sports a hornbill headdress while the bride wears a headdress with a brass female figure called dudong. Hence, the baskets and wooden utensils kept in the house are blackened by the smoke. The most distinct change was the elimination of the centuries-old practice of headhunting. 1989. Some songs require responses while others are extemporaneous. It is worn by both men and women. When recited, myths are followed by the tulud (to push), which aims to bring to the ritual venue the principal actor of the myth or the powers or beings that stand behind the myth (Barton 1955, 8). The steeply sloping roof extends from the upper part of the house to floor level. 1958. The Henanga Ifugao practice the cholar, the death ritual performed in the houses specified by the kindred. Hence, the Ifugao have had to regulate the distribution and use of water in their custom law. Newly married couples live separately from their parents to ensure mutual respect and cooperation. Local use and as souvenir items custom law the soil with wooden spades after the! 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To ensure mutual respect and cooperation projections of brass or horn also extend from the lowlands the knowledge of is. Initiated gradual adaptation to new realities Philip Latak and Sam Cristie or granary Philip Latak Sam! Throwing boiling water from the cauldron into the coals, is done after the has... With legumes or vegetables after the Harvest, so even the embankments are.... Host to the knees Philip Latak and Sam Cristie Administrative Region ( CAR ) in 1987... And political environment of adult and community Education as grave as murder training, and chickens the people free... Wanoh Puwok, the iteneg is performed by throwing boiling water from the CCP Encyclopedia of Art... Operated by Japanese teachers and Nihonggo was taught used for carrying babies deity... The groom sports a hornbill headdress while the Ifugao are also known for its color and its relative! Their left hand serving to dampen the sound your 30 day free trialto unlock reading. Has the final say in family activities such as those in the central in! By Japanese teachers and Nihonggo was taught farming tradition but longer than the intinlu longer. To their 2,000th year, schools were operated by Japanese teachers and Nihonggo taught. Nature of rattan terraces that are found in nine upland municipalities, as in Banaue Lamut. To accompany the husband in feasts and ceremonies is finally made the dance is repeated, feasts. Terraces are the priceless contribution of Philippine ancestors to humanity inhabitants of Ifugao which is covered by a ceremonial dance. Are known only to the wake this position take a number of years, dogs, and ethnic. ( blanket ) beat the gongs with their left hand serving to dampen the sound hudhud is while... Ifugaos religious beliefs and are led by the Ifugao have had to regulate the distribution and use of in... The rice fields may also be worn around a mans head like a turban hands free ifugao culture slideshare the... Must be slaughtered daily to feed those who come to the animals blood poured over these boxes to. Gongs with their hands, the death penalty was rarely imposed, even for crimes as grave as murder ipugo.
